This publication delves into the realm of nanoparticles, examining their chemical and physical characteristics, as well as their interactions within biological systems alongside proteins, immune responses, and specific cells. The assessment of potential risks associated with the use of nanoparticles in human applications is thoroughly discussed, encompassing cellular models, transcriptomics, and toxicogenomics. Furthermore, the utilization of nanoparticles in the fields of medicine and antioxidant regenerative therapies is extensively covered in various sections, highlighting the role of nanoparticles in facilitating drug transport across biological membranes and potentially improving drug efficacy.